New York State Joins the Compact

New York State Joins the Compact

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In his last weeks in office, on March 4th, former Gov. Elliot Spitzer signed legislation authorizing New York State to join the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact. With the State Assembly and Senate’s passing of the legislation last month and former Gov. Spitzer’s signature, New York State joins Minnesota, Illinois, and Indiana as the fourth state to ratify this important interstate compact to ban water withdrawals from outside of the Great Lakes Basin.

The strength of this Compact, however, lies in all eight Great Lakes passing identical pieces of legislation ratifying the Compact. Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin have passed the bill in one house while Michigan has introduced an active bill to ratify the Compact. When all eight states sign on, the Compact can be presented to the United States Congress for their consent.

The Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact began in 2001 when the eight American Great Lake states, in cooperation with Ontario and Quebec, meet to create a new conservation and protection standard for the Great Lakes.

To deal with many of today’s complex environmental problems, regional and international cooperation is essential. The Great Lakes Compact will act as a progressive global example of policy collaboration past political boundaries. With New York State ratifying the Compact we take a step closer to such a future policy. Incoming Gov. David Patterson applauds the Compact for its commitment amongst the Great Lakes States to achieve common goals to protect a common natural wonder.

To stay up to date with the Compact and the status of legislation in other states, be sure to check the Council of Great Lakes Governor’s Website on the Compact here.

(In January, Great Lakes United posted several blogs on the importance of the Compact and the threat of water diversion. To see these posts, click here.)

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What Others Have To Say

  1. nagowski

    2 ratings12345
    Mar 14th, 19:17

    You hear that Phoenix, Atlanta, and Las Vegas? Only from our dead hands will you get access to our h2o.

  2. al-alo

    0 ratings12345
    Mar 14th, 20:11

    spitzer aint quite "former" 'till monday.

  3. carlmalone

    5 ratings12345
    Mar 14th, 20:28

    Day One, everthing changes. Go Democrats, way to ($*%$ it up.

  4. Hoss

    2 ratings12345
    Mar 14th, 20:55

    Let's pray this gets ratified before the next census numbers are in. Because we are certain to lose congressional influence to the more drought plagued states. They are already salivating at the thought of sipping our slightly caustic nectar.

  5. chris69

    0 ratings12345
    Mar 14th, 22:35

    Its good but there are no US States, Canadian Provinces, Domestic or Foreign Corporations planning to redirect water from the Great Lakes.

    More likely would be attempts to redirect the waters of the Mississippi but my guess is that the Mississippi effort might succeed under the guise of replacing Federal Levies with Federal Locks.

  6. sbrof

    0 ratings12345
    Mar 14th, 23:09

    GREAT NEWS!!!! So important to our future and our children's future to not throw away this resource.

  7. chris69

    2 ratings12345
    Mar 14th, 23:56

    now can we get Buffalo to join the Great Lakes Cruising Coalition....and built the light rail to Niagara Falls so those cruise ship passengers can disembark and easily visit many our cultual interests within one day

  8. RisingDamp666

    0 ratings12345
    Mar 15th, 00:48

    Looking at the trials and tribulations of the Chesapeake Bay Foundation over the last 20 years tells me that these people have their work cut out for them. The environmental issues have to be clearly defined for all parties and an action plan has to be implemented quickly. On the water export front, the real concern is not Phoenix and Las Vegas but Charlotte and Atlanta. Even if those metros only tap water 100-200 miles to their north, they begin to impact basins and watersheds that either replenish the lakes, or affect other cities that can easily make up a shortfall in the Lakes Basin. The Ohio River Valley will be their first choice for water and hopefully their last. The Southwest cities are going to be battling with farmers for Colorado River water. That compact was renewed a few years ago with little change and reopening that discussion is the water war to come. And think about this: the cost of the CAP aqueduct in Arizona alone was over $4 billion. That's just within their own boundaries. Could they possibly afford a bigger, much more intense grab without a huge federal involvement?

  9. mds_in_arizona

    4 ratings12345
    Mar 15th, 04:19

    I admittedly am ignoring some legitimate environemtal issues, but to me this just sounds like sour grapes. The reason why places like Vegas, Arizona, Charlotte, etc. are growing is because of lower taxes, less union influence, and a much more business friendly atmosphere. Instead of trying to be like the kid who wants to take his ball and go home when he is losing, the northeast needs to focus on those issues first.

  10. Biniszkiewicz

    10 ratings12345
    Mar 15th, 08:35

    mds_in-arizona:

    part of the reason places like vegas, phoenix, etc., can afford lower taxes is because they don't have aging indigent populations to care for. Because newer arrivals to these areas are usually in the workforce or have accumulated sufficient wealth to retire comfortably, these boom towns are a little like Toyota competing against GM. Both might produce in the US, but Toyota's US health care costs are one third that of GM ($500/auto vs. $1500/auto). Reason? Lower age workforce with few retirements to worry about (at this point). Some heavier lifting, with regard to taxes in these regions, will undoubtedly come down the road as these populations age.

    Yes, NYS needs tax/government reform more than any other improvement we might seek. But that doesn't give anyone the right whatsoever to confiscate our resources. We put up with winter and the consequential costs of energy. We put up with bloated government and cost exploding unions as part of the larger package of living in this region, but that package also includes access to bountiful fresh water. Maybe it strikes you as sour grapes when we say: "Hands off our water". But to me it sounds like selfish bullying when hordes of people ignore the environmental reality of living in the desert, refuse to pony up appropriate taxes to pay for such basic amenities such as water (as, for example, by desalinating oceanic waters), and instead fix their eyes on resources they have no right to at all, all in the name of saving a buck. You get to steal our water so that we, in the northeast, can subsidize your outrageous willful ignorance of providing for your own basic living necessities? I don't think so.

    You think taxes here are too high? Move back and vote. Reform the place. Then you can also avail yourself of the resources native to this region. Otherwise, go on living in your environmental bubble with insufficient natural resources. But don't come crying to us when suddenly the cost of maintaining your 'low tax' lifestyle skyrockets because the water table is exhausted. You shouldn't be crowding human populations into the desert in the first place without a viable plan for providing basic resources. Alas, this inevitably will require community money, otherwise known as taxes.

  11. NBJOHN

    2 ratings12345
    Mar 15th, 10:13

    We have to proctect what is ours.... We are giving away our cheap power and lower taxes to other states, let us at least protect our water

  12. comptart_lws

    3 ratings12345
    Mar 15th, 10:44

    biniszkiewicz: precisely.

  13. wizardofza

    1 ratings12345
    Mar 15th, 11:36

    bini is 100% correct

  14. nagowski

    3 ratings12345
    Mar 15th, 12:50

    Vegas, Arizona, and Charlotte are also relatively new cities that haven't been saddled with the costs of an aging infrastructure while enjoying persistent growth over the last thirty years. The municipal and state budgets of these locales are going to absolutely explode in the coming years.

    This is, of course, to say nothing of the public school systems in these areas which are sub-par. The cruelest irony of all is that these areas have benefited immensely from the high levels of human capital they have been able to import from us high tax states.

  15. RisingDamp666

    3 ratings12345
    Mar 15th, 13:28

    Bini just nailed it! End of discussion.

  16. mds_in_arizona

    4 ratings12345
    Mar 15th, 13:45

    I will concede every point made thus far so I can ask a question: How much would it cost per capita to "fairly" have sufficient water in Arizona (above what we pay now)? I

    One point I didn't mention in original post is that I sadly concede that every US state will eventually turn into the municipal union dominated welfare state that NY is. That is becasue the American people have shown that is what they want want. I personally want to take advantage of this temporary market imbalance, make a lot of money here and then maybe move back later. Come back and vote? I lived in North Buffalo for 25 and am very proud of Buffalo people and Buffalo culture. But coming back to vote is useless- New York and Buffalo are so Democratic, so Liberal, that is would take 30 years to change- and that is if the change started right now, which it isn't.

  17. mds_in_arizona

    2 ratings12345
    Mar 15th, 13:59

    I will concede every point made thus far so I can ask a question: How much would it cost per capita to "fairly" provide for our own water in Arizona (above what we pay now)? Let's say $1,200 per person per year- $100 per month. The last time I did a rough estimate, I would have to get about a 10K per year salary raise, just to BREAK EVEN to come back to NYS- property taxes, gas prices, sales taxes, personal income taxes, etc. And most people in AZ could probably say the same thing. So if everyone's point is that we should pay our fair share, you have no complaint from me. But paying more for water is not enough to stop the population bleeding from the notheast- its a fair point, but as I originally stated, protecting water is an "easy" decison- it doesn't take courage to fight for becaase anyone from NY would be in favor of it. What about the hard fights of making real cuts to government employment, real cuts to public union contract benefits, or eliminating the ALL tollbooths on the Thruway (as should have been done in 1996)? I lived in North Buffalo for my first 25 years- I am proud of Buffalo people, culture, and traditions. And to me this still sounds like sour grapes- these states will continue to grow for the foreseeable future whether or not they pay a little more for water. If you want to make them pay more, God bless you, I have no problem, but thats not the real problem.

  18. RisingDamp666

    1 ratings12345
    Mar 15th, 14:14

    Not everyone wants to move to Phoenix, because Phoenix is hell_on_earth.

  19. ktl2277

    2 ratings12345
    Mar 15th, 14:54

    nagowski is right in my opinion 20 years from now these "cheap" places to live will be decidedly less cheap as schools age and need upgrades, teachers there will demand equitable pay and if you think suburban sprawl is bad in Buffalo you haven't seen anything compared to some of our western or southern cities. My mother and father in law live in a sprawled out suburb ok Knoxville 30 miles from the city center, a city smaller than Buffalo with a much more spread out population. These places are already getting more expensive as a percentage terms their municipal budgets are growing faster than many in WNY already. Their water and electricity rates will be rising faster than ours as well because especially in the south they have few renewable options.

  20. AtwaterLouse

    3 ratings12345
    Mar 15th, 16:01

    Northeast states benefit greatly from natural resources of states to the south and west. Fresh fruits and vegetables year round, cotton for our clothes. All that needs sunshine and water. Also of course petroleum for the cars we like to drive and plastics we like to use. The U.S. imports 58% of oil, so the other 42% comes from where again?

    On and on. Are we 'stealing' all that from them?

    I agree with mds that it sounds like sour grapes. Keep all the Great Lakes water here - fine, whatever - hurry up and pass laws for that once and for all, and then move on the the next excuse to whine about with a fully victimized attitude.

    And to me this still sounds like sour grapes- these states will continue to grow for the foreseeable future whether or not they pay a little more for water. If you want to make them pay more, God bless you, I have no problem, but thats not the real problem.

  21. RisingDamp666

    1 ratings12345
    Mar 15th, 20:24

    AtwaterLouse for Chairman of The Interstate Commerce Commission.

  22. AtwaterLouse

    1 ratings12345
    Mar 15th, 22:29

    Damp - Thanks for the nomination, but I heard a rumor Client 9 is trying for that job.

  23. RisingDamp666

    0 ratings12345
    Mar 16th, 01:01

    Interviews were being held at the Mayflower Hotel in Washington but Client 9 failed to show up. It is rumored that he was in Albany commiting crimes with his wife. The position remains open.

  24. Biniszkiewicz

    3 ratings12345
    Mar 16th, 09:34

    mds: I don't know what the true cost of water is in the desert. In Buffalo, I was paying about $35/apartment/month in water costs three years ago, and we get the water from the edge of town. I doubt that $100/month per dwelling would cover the cost of desalination in AZ, but maybe I'm wrong. Whatever the cost, the point is to obtain the resource from a willing provider. This is distinguished from oil, per atwater's analysis, where the sellers are quite willing to part with their resource and non sellers are mostly unaffected.

    As distinguished from oil pumping, large scale removal of water from the Great Lakes would have a pronounced detrimental effect upon all of those residing here. The same cannot be said of pumping oil in oil country; there the sale of that resource produces no noticeable detrimental impacts to the larger communities, while simultaneously infusing those areas with money.

    BTW: I have seen some impressive stories about solar power generation in the desert. New plants now coming on line (one in AZ) which hold the potential to provide huge amounts of power for a power hungry nation at very competitive costs with no carbon emissions. AZ could export electricity relatively easily (requires the construction of large networks of power lines, but otherwise not technically difficult). Since power is the primary expense in desalinating water, this might be a viable solution for your region's thirst.

  25. AtwaterLouse

    3 ratings12345
    Mar 16th, 12:30

    Biniszkiewicz - Who's said it'd have to be large scale and who said there wouldn't be payments for water, infusing NY with money? However I won't argue that. I'll accept the assertion that ever selling for money any water to any other state would harm all residents of NYS.

    ...large scale removal of water from the Great Lakes would have a pronounced detrimental effect upon all of those residing here.

    NYers use of other states natural resources throughout its history has had some detrimental effects too. No doubt there's environmentalists who argue some aspects of oil drilling harms all residents where it happens, but still NYers seem happy to use the oil. NYS imports coal from non-GL states for power plants, and coal mining causes pronounced detrimental effects. NYers also buy a lot of farm products that need water and soil of non-GL states. And the oil industries and refineries down there need communities, people, and ...water. So it's ok for NYers to benefit from non-GL state water, soil, mountains, off-shore drilling areas, etc., sometime with detrimental effects, but the idea of ever selling any water to them is off the table.

    I'm sure that's all different though. Other states are in an 'environmental bubble', but GL states aren't because... well because.

    As I said, it's fine with me to require all GL water to be always forever kept in GL states. Sounds extreme, but I won't oppose it. I don't know if it'd be feasible to transport water that far to Arizona anyhow. Probably not.

  26. AtwaterLouse

    1 ratings12345
    Mar 16th, 12:31

    But when you extend your argument to tell mds he's living in an 'environmental bubble with insufficient natural resources' that sounds to me ignoring benefits that NYS for many decades has obtained from natural resources of the south and west.

    ...Move back and vote. Reform the place. Then you can also avail yourself of the resources native to this region. Otherwise, go on living in your environmental bubble with insufficient natural resources. ...

    What inspired you to switch from saying water to 'natural resources'? Just sounded better, or you did you have some other resources in mind? What other than water makes them an 'environmental bubble' more so than NYS is with its heating needs? This I gotta hear.

  27. RisingDamp666

    2 ratings12345
    Mar 16th, 13:22

    Air conditioning, kiddo. Without air conditioning, Arizona and much of the Southwest would have far fewer people. A/C requires a lot of power and AZ which has some coal and some hydro power, and a good sized nuclear element still has to import oil and gas to fuel its powerplants. When the big California utilities came in and bought large chunks of that power, a fast growing Arizona got increasingly wary and now quite intransigent about selling off any more or allowing SCE or PG&E to add more transmission lines to their grid. The oil that supplies AZ with gasoline comes from Indonesia and Alaska and is processed in CA. Coal power is also wheeled in from surrounding states. Water is channeled from spring runoff in the Colorado mountains via the Central Arizona Project. Lake Powell is running dry and Las Vegas is draining Lake Mead. Arizonans should be very worried. Agriculture in Maricopa County is now largely replaced with subdivisions. Arizona is importing food, fuel, power, water, and most unfortunately, people. Is that "environmental bubble" enough? Of course the same can be said of every state in the union. The question becomes one of relative impacts on the overall basket of resources that we have. Energy aside, most states are relatively self-sufficient, but when you look closely at water and food, you find imbalances. Food is no big deal to import from anywhere on the globe. Not so with water. Fresh water sources are scarce and no one on earth is giving it up easily. If places like Arizona continue on their unsustainable paths, they will be spending a large part of their incomes on water: $100 per month can quickly become $300... Should New York State sell water to the Southwest? Maybe, but there are better options much closer to that region that should be explored. Off the top of my head: Flood control in the Mississippi River Basin can be redeveloped to send large shots of water to the Southwest when possible. Steadier supplies can be gained by desalination as well as a return to the table on Colorado River water. Wasteful agriculture in that region needs to be put squarely under the microscope.

  28. AtwaterLouse

    1 ratings12345
    Mar 16th, 13:53

    That was my guess too - closer sources would make much more sense than Great Lakes water anyway.

    Should New York State sell water to the Southwest? Maybe, but there are better options much closer to that region that should be explored. Off the top of my head: Flood control in the Mississippi River Basin can be redeveloped to send large shots of water to the Southwest when possible. Steadier supplies can be gained by desalination as well as a return to the table on Colorado River water.

    Energy is a pretty big 'aside'. And sure, NY could import food from other countries but at more expense. Seems to me that Bini and Great Lakes United make it sound like NYers are on high horses in a white hats about all this.

    Energy aside, most states are relatively self-sufficient...

  29. RisingDamp666

    1 ratings12345
    Mar 16th, 14:30

    It's a huge "aside" because every state and community in the US is a net importer of energy. Texas imports oil, Alaska imports gasoline, etc.. And no redistribution scheme between regions can make up the huge shortfalls in supply. Perhaps Wind, Solar, and other alternatives can change that equation someday. As to food, for many commodities, it's actually cheaper to import: the cost of labor, land, energy and storage simply get shifted overseas. All we have to do is pay in dollars and mange. And Great Lakes United better not ride too high on any horse because the federal Government can step into this conversation at any time and move the lines.

  30. Biniszkiewicz

    2 ratings12345
    Mar 16th, 16:06

    Atwater: I made the assumption it would be large scale, because I think there would be little point in AZ (or others) tapping the great lakes otherwise. If someone takes a drink and no one notices a level change in the lakes, I have no problem with that. But if it's a situation like 'Cadillac Ranch' (great documentary) where a river (Colorado) which used to feed a region (northern Mexico, far southwest US) is simply confiscated to the great detriment of an ecosystem, then I object.

    As to what other natural resources I had in mind, I was thinking specifically about farmland. However, I suppose with water farmers could grow anything in the desert. I don't think food importation will be as cheap in the future as it is today. Yes, Iowa imports 80% of its own food (you can only eat so much corn and soy) and every community is used to Florida oranges and California lettuce to say nothing of Lamb from New Zealand and beef from Argentina, but I suspect those days could be coming to an end with sky high energy costs we might face in the future. Transporting food has been cheap and easy. Does $5/gallon diesel, or $6 or higher (I just paid $4.05/gallon yesterday) significantly affect the equation? I don't know what the energy component of food cost is.

    How about if we suddenly are faced with carbon taxes on top of scarce oil? Local food may be much more a part of our futures than today. Then, too, environmental impacts of industrial agriculture are only now gaining attention. Proscribing runoff of fertilizers, etc., may also significantly negatively impact food prices.

    Other than sunlight, AZ seems woefully lacking in natural resources necessary for sustaining large populations. I am guessing that air conditioning in the southwest is cheaper than heating the northeast in winter. But, too, with insulation and geothermal energy for heat (which I see as holding enormous growth potential), that may not be the case.

    RisingDamp666: well said.

  31. AtwaterLouse

    2 ratings12345
    Mar 16th, 19:18

    Bini - Quick look at USDA site says in dollars Arizona grows much more farm products per capita than does NYS (AZ: $2.4B and 5.1M mouths to feed, vs. NYS: $3.2B and 19M mouths).

    As to what other natural resources I had in mind, I was thinking specifically about farmland.

    Looks to me that NYS would need to triple its farm output to match Arizona's per resident, or with same farm output reduce its population by two thirds. Yes it's trying hard to do the latter.

    http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/topcommodities/topcom_AZ.htm

    (and same URL with _NY instead of _AZ).

  32. AtwaterLouse

    2 ratings12345
    Mar 16th, 19:22

    Damp - Even with the a/c, AZ per capita energy use looks near lowest in U.S., 46th. NYS is 49th. Btu numbers very close. Yes they have growing electricity needs and have proposals for a large solar plant and more nuclear. NYS has electricity issues too as we've seen. Re. oil and gasoline, since it's going to California anyhow sending some on to AZ from there is really a lot worse than where NYS transports it from?

    Great Lakes water controversy aside, you guys haven't convinced me AZ is an 'environmental bubble with insufficient natural resources' compared to NYS as Bini accused mds of living in. Both AZ and NYS have similar energy use, AZ has more food output, both need more electricity, both import oil from far away. What am I missing? Should Bini's demand that mds move back here and reform Albany's taxing-spending for us be changed to a request or a beg? Or has he already rented the U-haul?

    http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_sum/html/pdf/rank_use_per_cap.pdf

  33. Biniszkiewicz

    0 ratings12345
    Mar 17th, 00:26

    Atwater: I love the specificity of your arguments and the quick statistical resources you bring to the discussion.

    I'm surprised to read that AZ produces $2.4B as compared to our $3.2. Is this all produce? Does it include livestock? I don't know that it matters, I'm just curious. You're right: the desert sun is like a non stop grow light for the plant. If you've got water and sun all day, every day, you can grow lots and lots and lots of plants. But the drop in the water table is indication that it's an unsustainable industry without introduction of fresh water from somewhere.

    You are right, too, that I am too defensive, atwater and mds. I'm jealous of the growth, sure, but I don't want to live there (been to Vegas a few times. Can't imagine living there. Went to the Grand Canyon. Wonderful, but still don't want to live there). But after seeing our industry go south (literally, although now it's going east, as in 'far east'), I am a bit oversensitive. I'll admit that. Some of my characterizations reflected that. Maybe it does sound like sour grapes.

    But then again, maybe in this particular case my paranoia is justified.

    The farming industry in AZ might not be feasible at all if the price of water is high. Worldwide competition does threaten high cost producers. Transporting water could be extravagantly expensive, but then again maybe not. Would it be worth the farming industry's investment to build a pipeline directly to a great lake? It would be a long pipe, it would cost a lot, but with the amount of food you can grow under a non stop sun, it might be worth the cost of construction if the price of the water itself is low enough. Once the pipe is laid, then perhaps it's not so expensive to transport water, even all the way to AZ.

    What if the southwest's farming industry doesn't need to shoulder the whole cost of the infrastructure? What if they have allies in the Congress and the White House who legislate that, given the exceptional national interest in sustaining this bread basket, the feds will pay the lion's share of the construction of a pipeline (just as they paid for the Hydro projects of yore)? The imminent collapse of a major component of US farming would result in extraordinary political muscle being exerted. Who's to say, as important political regions face dehydration, that the feds won't gallop to the rescue? If they do, it could be our region which gets hit.

    It worries me that their water usage is so out of proportion to what nature replenishes. It wouldn't worry me at all if they had a plan, at least one not involving water our region depends on. You ask what's different about that compared to, say, energy. I have to think more before responding, but I think they are different (not that our net import of energy doesn't worry me. That, too, is cause for concern).

    So what I want to see is a sustainable plan, on the part of the industry so dependent upon the water table, for replacing the water they require (just like i'd like to see a plan for our energy consumption). If that means separating the salt out of ocean water, I can't imagine that harms anyone. But I could well imagine our lake levels dropping if our water is available. And I can imagine this having very harmful implications for cities like Buffalo. So I get my defenses up.

    Lastly, I'm shocked by the statistic that NYS ranks 49th in per capita energy use. Did I understand that right? We are only one state away from being the lowest energy use/capita? What's the story? Public transport in NYC? Highrises being more energy efficient? Cities' densities make them relatively energy efficient despite a/c and neon and street lights and industry? I'm just surprised.

  34. AtwaterLouse

    0 ratings12345
    Mar 17th, 01:38

    I'm surprised to read that AZ produces $2.4B as compared to our $3.2. Is this all produce? Does it include livestock?

    Those USDA links I posted above for AZ and NYS show sales amounts for different categories of farm products per state. Yes it includes produce, livestock, dairy. Top selling category in AZ is "Vegetables, melons, potatoes, and sweet potatoes" (31% of total) and in NYS it's dairy (50% of total). For the "Vegetables..." category, AZ produces over double what NYS does in total dollar sales ($750M vs. $322M).

    Maybe it does sound like sour grapes. But then again, maybe in this particular case my paranoia is justified.

    I'm sure the whole issue is far more complicated than my info made it sound too. Good arguments can be made on either side for something like this. Many factors and variables.

  35. AtwaterLouse

    1 ratings12345
    Mar 17th, 01:45

    It worries me that their water usage is so out of proportion to what nature replenishes. It wouldn't worry me at all if they had a plan, at least one not involving water our region depends on.

    I've seen no verifiable evidence that AZ ever made any serious effort to obtain Great Lakes water. There's a lot of speculation, paraphrasing of politicians, and alarmism from some people and groups. But what I've heard so far sounds like rumors.

    I don't know if your worry that AZ doesn't have any plan for future water needs is true. My guess is they have big concerns and some plans. According to this (see pg 6), the feds suggested three possible long term plans to them (none of which involve Great Lakes) but I don't know if those are the only plans they're considering: http://www.usbr.gov/lc/phoenix/reports/ncawss/NCAWSSROFFULL.pdf

    Lastly, I'm shocked by the statistic that NYS ranks 49th in per capita energy use. Did I understand that right? We are only one state away from being the lowest energy use/capita?

    I was surprised too. Maybe it's helped by things you mentioned or by having many millions people not too well off economically in NYC - not owning cars, not living in big houses, etc. In that DOE list (near lower right corner) the B.t.u. numbers of lowest few states are pretty close together. There's got to be some margin for error in an analysis like that. Rankings probably aren't precise, but it's interesting both AZ and NYS are in lowest portion of that list compared to most states.

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